Iron and steel are used widely in the construction of roads, railways, infrastructure and buildings. Most large modern structures, such as stadiums and skyscrapers, are supported by a steel skeleton. Even those with a concrete structure will employ steel for reinforcing. In addition to widespread use, in electrical appliances and motor vehicles (despite growth in usage of aluminium, it is still the main material for car bodies), steel is used in a variety of other construction-related applications, such as bolts, nails, and screws.[40] Other common applications include shipbuilding, oil and gas pipelines, mining, aerospace, office furniture, steel wool, tools, and armour in the form of personal vests or vehicle armour (better known as rolled homogeneous armour in this role).

Historically

Before the introduction of the Bessemer process and other modern production techniques, steel was expensive and was only used where no cheaper alternative existed, particularly for the cutting edge of knives, razors, swords, and other items where a hard, sharp edge was needed. It was also used for springs, including those used in clocks and watches.[17]

Since 1850

With the advent of faster and more efficient steel production methods, steel has been easier to obtain and much cheaper. It has replaced wrought iron for a multitude of purposes. However, the availability of plastics during the later 20th century allowed these materials to replace steel in many products due to their lower cost and weight.[41]

Long steel

• As supports in reinforced concrete
• Wires
• railroad tracks
• Structural steel in modern buildings and bridges

Flat carbon steel

• The inside and outside body of automobiles, trains, and ships.
• Major appliances
• Magnetic cores

Stainless steel

• Cutlery
• Rulers
• Wrist watches
• Surgical equipment

>